Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in Clinical Isolates: A Retrospective Laboratory Study

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health threat that complicates the treatment of infectious diseases and poses a challenge to public health systems. The rising prevalence of resistant pathogens in clinical isolates has led to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This review examines antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in clinical isolates, focusing on the mechanisms behind resistance, such as genetic mutations, beta-lactamase production, efflux pumps, and horizontal gene transfer. We explore the impact of AMR on clinical practice, particularly the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli, which complicates treatment and limits therapeutic options. The review also highlights the importance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for guiding effective treatment and discusses the role of surveillance programs in tracking resistance trends. Additionally, antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) and infection prevention measures are emphasized as essential strategies for mitigating AMR. Finally, we address the urgent need for the development of new antibiotics and alternative therapies, including bacteriophage therapy and antimicrobial peptides, to combat resistant infections. The review underscores the importance of coordinated global efforts to combat AMR and ensures the continued effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in treating infectious diseases.